Their natural reservoir has not been definitely identified, but certain species of african bat have been associated with ebola. Personal protective equipment in the context of filovirus disease outbreak response 2 workforce health and wellbeing safeguarding the health and wellbeing of health workers at the work place, including the provision of hand. The unprecedented outbreak of ebola in west africa resulted in over 28,000 cases and 11,000 deaths, underlining the need for a better understanding of the biology of this highly pathogenic virus. Bausch, in principles and practice of pediatric infectious diseases fourth edition, 2012. In particular the filoviridae family causes severe hemorrhagic fevers, e. Filovirus receptor npc1 contributes to speciesspecific. Accumulating indirect evidence points to certain bat species as prime suspects. This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the creative commons attribution 4. Deep sequencing identifies noncanonical editing of ebola. Numerous infectious agents, including other filoviruses, with a range of pathogenic potential may be circulating in africa, asia, and other parts of the world. Ebola, the second known filovirus humans meet ebola virus in africa, 1976. Once in the body, ebola is adept at disarming the immune system and then rapidly destroying the vascular system. Next members of the filoviridae, a family of viruses to which ebola and its relative, marburg virus, belong, are. Zaire ebolavirus, sudan ebolavirus, tai forest ebolavirus, bundibugyo ebolavirus, and reston ebolavirus.
Implementation of objective pascderived taxon demarcation. A novel filovirus, provisionally named lloviu virus llov, was detected during the investigation of miniopterus schreibersii dieoffs in cueva del lloviu in southern europe. Molecular evolution of viruses of the family filoviridae based on 97. Differential transcriptional responses to ebola and marburg. The zaire ebolavirus data set consisted of 22 ebola virus wholegenome sequences. Filoviruses have enveloped virions virus particles appearing as variably elongated filaments that are about 80 nm 1 nm 10. These findings hint at one way that a filovirus could evolve to better infect a host with receptors that were less than optimal. The findings reported could lead to a better understanding of these viruses, paving the. Filovirus transcription and replication are mediated by a single virusencoded.
Ebola virus disease evd, or simply ebola, is a viral haemorrhagic fever of humans and other primates caused by ebolaviruses. We identified previously undescribed sites within the ebov and marvang mrnas where apparent cotranscriptional editing has resulted in the. We encourage our colleagues to maintain the sense of urgency that was present in 2014 and 2015 and complete the work toward vaccine development and delivery as expeditiously as possible so our collective vision of ending ebola as a major threat to public health can be realized. Zaire, sudan, bundibugyo, tai forest, and reston in outbreaks caused by the zaire species of ebolavirus in. Filovirusassociated diseases, particularly those caused by ebola and marburg viruses, represent major threats to human health worldwide because they have extremely high death rates and antiviral therapies or vaccines against them are not available 1. Filovirus and arenavirus infections occur in both sexes and all age groups, with a spectrum from asymptomatic infection especially for arenaviruses to rapidly fatal disease.
Filovirus, any virus belonging to the family filoviridae. Another distinct ebola virus emerged on the ivory coast in 1994. May 22, 2018 a large percentage of emerging infectious diseases affecting humans have an animal origin. The virus was named after marburg, germany, the site of one of the outbreaks. A large percentage of emerging infectious diseases affecting humans have an animal origin. Studies show ebola rna stable in blood, promise for. Author summary preventing future outbreaks of ebolaviruses in humans and other vulnerable animal populations will require identifying the natural reservoirs of filoviruses. Two members of the family that are commonly known are ebola virus and marburg virus. The role of cytokines and chemokines in filovirus infection. In west africa, recent ebola virus outbreak occurred in march 2014, has caused more than. Marburg this virus was the reason the filovirus family was created like ebola it is extremely rare and potentially deadly the death rate is about 25%much lower than its deadly cousin the disease was named after the city of marburg germany were the virus was first discovered in 1966 the first cases of this virus were two lab workers in germany that handled green monkeys from.
Llov is genetically distinct from other marburgviruses and ebolaviruses and is the first filovirus detected in europe that was not imported from an endemic area in africa. Personal protective equipment in the context of filovirus. Nov 04, 2014 filoviruses like ebola edit genetic material as they invade their hosts, according to a study. These filovirus plaque assay validation studies were conducted at usamriid in compliance with the u. Signs and symptoms typically start between two days and three weeks after contracting the virus with a fever, sore throat, muscular pain, and headaches. This discussion leads us to the important difference between a virus and a species a virus species is defined as a polythetic class of viruses that constitutes a replicating lineage and occupies a particular ecological niche. Not only do filoviruses cause a deadly infection, but they also have the potential of being used as biological weapons. Pdf filoviruses, including ebola and marburg viruses, are recognized as a significant. Filovirus infection an overview sciencedirect topics.
This makes it imperative to comprehensively study these viruses in order to devise effective. To guide the search for natural filovirus reservoirs, we mined intrinsic biological data on the worlds bat species to determine what. Validation of the filovirus plaque assay for use in. We identified previously undescribed sites within the ebov and marvang mrnas where apparent cotranscriptional editing has resulted in the addition of non. Most species of ebolaviruses and the only known species of marburgvirus occur. Filovirus disease is characterized by a dysregulated immune response, severe organ damage, and coagulation abnormalities. Although filoviral infections are still occurring in different parts of the world, there are no effective preventive or treatment strategies currently available against them. A total of 31 cases and 7 deaths were associated with these outbreaks. The ebola virus is a filovirus that can be passed from person to person through direct contact with blood or other bodily fluids. Ravv, this form is made after transcriptional editing of gp, ebov. Differential transcriptional responses to ebola and.
The realstar filovirus screen reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction rtpcr kit and the derived realstar zaire ebolavirus rtpcr kit were validated using in vitro transcripts, supernatant of infected cell cultures, and clinical specimens from patients with evd. Ebola and marburg presentation filovirus presentation. Each validation was conducted according to a glp study protocol. Unfortunately, nosocomial transmission has contributed significantly to the spread of filovirus outbreaks 11. The first filovirus was recognized in 1967 when a number of laboratory workers in germany and yugoslavia, who were handling tissues from green monkeys, developed hemorrhagic fever. This includes nucleocapsid formation, the structure of the genomic replication promoter, the protein requirement for transcription and the use of mrna editing. Food and drug administration good laboratory practice glp regulations, 21 cfr part 58. Ebolavirus and marburgvirus which are among the most virulent pathogens of humans, and cuevavirus, which has only been detected in bats in spain. Treatment and prevention of ebola virus disease uptodate. According to the ictv rules of nomenclature, virus species names are italicized with the first letter of the name capitalized zaire ebolavirus. Here we report identification in dead insectivorous bats of a genetically distinct filovirus, provisionally named lloviu virus, after the site of detection, cueva del lloviu, in spain.
Pdf on mar 29, 2010, dieudonne nkoghe and others published filoviruses find, read and cite all the research. These viruses are pathogenic in humans and cause isolated infections or epidemics of viral hemorrhagic fever, mainly in central africa. Ebola, other filoviruses are at least 16 million years old, finds new study. The episodes documented in virginia and pennsylvania are the first known instances of ebolarelated filovirus infection in imported primates in the united states. Diagnosis of ebola virus ebov disease evd requires laboratory testing. In the latest scientific developments on ebola, a francebased team reported that ebola rna is more stable in blood samples than in urine, and profectus biosciences, inc. These diseases have been known as ebola and marburg hemorrhagic fevers, respectively, after the. Members of the family filoviridae are classified into 3 genera. Since then, sporadic cases of marburg hemorrhagic fever in man have occurred in kenya and zimbabwe. In this letter to the editor, the authors list treatment protocols used with patients who were admitted to an ebola treatment center near freetown, sierra leone, on or after september 20, 2014 the date on which the first patients were admitted to that center. The names ebola virus disease or marburg virus disease are now preferred by the world health organization who and some other groups. Ebola virus disease is a severe, often fatal, zoonotic filovirus infection fig 1. The filoviruses ebola and marburg are zoonotic agents that are classified as both biosafety level 4 and category a list pathogens. Evaluation of realstar reverse transcriptionpolymerase.
Deep sequencing identifies noncanonical editing of ebola and marburg virus rnas in infected cells. Filoviruses were first discovered in 1967 as the causative agents of a hemorrhagic fever outbreak among laboratory workers in europe. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Reston is the only filovirus that does not cause severe disease in humans, though can. Ebola is a filovirus belonging to the virus fa mily called filoviridae from the latin, filum meaning thread the only other member of this virus family is marburg virus which causes a similar illness. This center saw a 31% case fatality rate, lower than that of other studies.
Marburg this virus was the reason the filovirus family was created like ebola it is extremely rare and potentially deadly the death rate is about 25%much lower than its deadly cousin the disease was named after the city of marburg germany were the virus was first discovered in 1966 the first cases of this virus were two lab workers in germany that handled green monkeys from uganda in. The vertical line showing the average lethality of all ebola virus disease outbreaks overlaps with the vertical line showing the average lethality of all filovirus disease outbreaks and the. Fue descrito por primera vez en 1976 por david finkes. Marburgvirus infections ebola and marburg virus disease, ebola and marburg hemorrhagic fever, african hemorrhagic fever in africa.
Ckc contributed insight into diagnostic needs for outbreak pathogens. Filoviruses like ebola edit genetic material as they invade their hosts, according to a study. These workers had been exposed to tissues and blood from african green monkeys cercopithecus aethiops imported from uganda and infected with marburg virus. Members of the filoviridae, a family of viruses to which ebola and its relative, marburg virus, belong, are. Another filovirus is the marbug virus, which gives similar symptoms to ebola, but the chance of surving an infection of marbug virus is higher. The findings reported could lead to a better understanding of these viruses, paving the way for new. Their natural reservoir has not been definitely identified, but certain species of african bat have been associated. A call to action to enhance filovirus disease outbreak. In addition, traditional healers have been implicated in the spread of both ebola and marburg viruses through the use of unsterilized blades or needles 11, 12. Smaller outbreaks were identified in gabon, drc, and uganda.
These included samples from outbreaks in the democratic republic of. It appears that filoviruses are zoonotic, that is, transmitted to humans from ongoing life cycles in animals other than humans. The highly pathogenic filoviruses, marburg and ebola virus, belong to the. Filovirus diagnostics the diagnosis of ebolaviruses and marv is based on direct identification of the viral particles, proteins or specific rna in a suspected case from whole blood wb, serum or plasma. Filoviruses are stringshaped, with a little hook or loop at one end. Congenital and pediatric ebola virus disease evd and marburg virus disease mvd are severe, even lethal infections. Ac provided technical expertise and background research on ebola diagnostics and its use during the 20142016 west africa ebola. Nov 18, 2015 in the latest scientific developments on ebola, a francebased team reported that ebola rna is more stable in blood samples than in urine, and profectus biosciences, inc. A predictive spatial distribution framework for filovirus. Deep sequencing of rnas produced by zaire ebolavirus ebov or the angola strain of marburgvirus marvang identified novel viral and cellular mechanisms that diversify the coding and noncoding sequences of viral mrnas and genomic rnas. This filovirus is usually fatal, and it affects monkeys, apes and humans. Oct 20, 2011 a novel filovirus, provisionally named lloviu virus llov, was detected during the investigation of miniopterus schreibersii dieoffs in cueva del lloviu in southern europe. Ebola is a filovirus belonging to the virus fa mily called.
The latest epidemic of ebola virus disease in western african countries has underscored the urgent need for effective prophylactic and therapeutic interventions for this deadly infectious disease. Filoviruses ebolaviruses and marburgviruses cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates with high mortality rates of up to 90 %. Oct 29, 2014 ebola, other filoviruses are at least 16 million years old, finds new study. Studies show ebola rna stable in blood, promise for filovirus. Dec 10, 2014 ebola virus disease is a severe, often fatal, zoonotic filovirus infection fig 1. Dme, ltm and bwt provided background research for the manuscript. Author summary a novel filovirus, provisionally named lloviu virus llov, was detected during the investigation of miniopterus schreibersii dieoffs in cueva del lloviu in southern europe. Deep sequencing identifies noncanonical editing of ebola and. The episodes documented in virginia and pennsylvania are the first known instances of ebola related filovirus infection in imported primates in the united states. Ebola, other filoviruses are at least 16 million years old. Host cell factors involved in filovirus infection springerlink.
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